A hard days Night Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

A hard days Night - Essay Example With acknowledgement that each era presents its own values, â€Å"A Hard Day’s Night† movie did its best in reflecting the values of then. The movie presents a number of themes which were very imminent in the 1960’s. With it’s critically thought scenes; this movie is indeed balanced in conveying the situation of the American society in the 1960’s. Struggle for fame is one of the basic elements that are very evident in the movie. The scene of interview brings out this clearly. Everybody in the 1960’s was in pursuit of fame. This implied using any method as is depicted by the way the actors were answering questions to the journalists. They did it in a very comical way and throughout the press conference; they had to be very witty. This is because the questions were not by the journalists for themselves but for their fans. They were though very respectable despite Ringo saying that he was a mocker. Liberation is also a powerful theme which is also portrayed by this film. Thoughtfulness leads characters to wander around making them to be in control. There is joy in having freedom over what you do. Simplicity is everything in any major artistic work. In the 1960’s, there were a lot of pressures and expectations in the movie industry. A break from that monotony is what the â€Å"free style interview† depicts. People now want to the village on the screen and this is what exactly this film goes into fulfilling. This movie has even been argued as to have happened by a mistake because of the way it breaks from the previous rules of filming. Following formalities is overcome by doing notion of doing one’s thing. Nevertheless, the liberation did not lower the quality of the filming standards only that it impacted the feeling of liberation and diversification to anybody who watched it. Being real is human. In the 1960’s people were forced to mask most of the thing all

Judah ben Samuel Halevi Achievements Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Judah ben Samuel Halevi Achievements - Essay Example The traditional norms and values of Judaism, which were largely based on religious conceptions, were philosophized by the works of Halevi. With reference to this, his contributions to Judaism have been influential in terms of its history and culture. The emergence of Judah ben Samuel Halevi as an intellectual contributor to Judaism has been discussed in the essay. This must be considered along with the historical fact that sustenance of Jewish tradition in a religiously repressive environment had been challenging. The philosophy of Halevi has influenced a lot in this regard. The objective of this essay is to critically analyze the role of Judah ben Samuel Halevi in Jewish history and culture. Judah Halevi moved to Spain to pursue the career of a physician. His early years in Spain were a tribute to the Jewish culture. It was a period which saw perseverance of the Jews in maintaining their culture and beliefs. Popkin has referred to the Jewish life in this period as fragile (177). The re were continued Christian efforts made during this period to reinstate the dominance they had in Southern Spain. However, this was continually contested by the relentless Muslim Almoravid’s efforts to retain their sovereignty. The representation of this resistance in Halevi’s poetry gained recognition among the Jews. ... His prose were perceived well and accepted by the Jewish community as it reflected the Jewish desire for being with God and the passion to return to Zion, the Promised Land. (Popkin 177). He has been referred to as one of the first major thinkers in Muslim Spain. Another Jewish philosopher who lived in Muslim Spain in the same period was Neo-Platonist Solomon ibn Gabirol (Popkin 177). The contribution of Judah ben Samuel Halevi, which became a major milestone in the history of Jews, came in the last decade of his life. In this period, he wrote the prose titled, ‘Book of the Khazars’. This book is known for its intellectual and philosophical content on Judaism. With reference to the Jewish culture, this work from then onwards has served as the religious and philosophical framework for Judaism. Moreover, it could address the philosophical challenges that Judaism faced as a culture and religion at this period of time. This must be read together with the fact that this prose was written in a period when the Jews were striving for an intellectual backing due to the acute pressure from Christianity. This book was persuasive in nature and could successfully bind the Jews together in their traditions and norms. It urged the readers to prioritize their social systems in the order of the mandates as set by their ancestral traditions (Popkin 177). Judah ben Samuel Halevi’s literature became even more influential as he himself set an example by following the philosophical call of change that he made through Book of the Khazars. In the year 1140, he abandoned his personal luxuries that he had in Spain and set out for Egypt, the holy land. This exemplary act along with his philosophies bound Jews together as a culture and religion. Thus, his

Ted Bundy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Ted Bundy - Research Paper Example Most of those that turn out as murderers and serial killers have underlying traits that are beyond the rapport created. While it is not definitive pointer to a killer, extreme anti-social behaviour has been a classical indicator of the same (Crime Library, n.d). In line with this, it is critical that those that develop socially at a low pace are not subjected to unfair treatment, but those that fall from being highly sociable to isolation should warrant help. Potential serial killers also tend to develop voyeurism with the intention of dominating another being. In view of exerting dominance, most potential serial killers tend to harm animals such as cats, dogs, among others for the thrill of it. The above coupled with psychopathic tendencies are early indicators of serial killer traits. Such traits are coated by charm in an effort to mask their identity, which also works to lure victims. Ted Bundy was no different presenting with changes in his social behaviour that was worsened by a depressive disorder. Born in 1946, Theodore Robert Cowell confessed to numerous homicides around the country before his execution. He abducted his victims who were mostly young women and girls before raping and killing them in cold blood. Known best by the alias Ted Bundy, he left a trail of bodies during his active years of the 70s. Ted a normal childhood, being brought up by his grandparents alongside his mother, who he believed was his sister. However, as a teenager Ted isolated himself from his peers stating that he did not understand social behaviour among teenagers (Criminal Minds, n.d). He studied psychology and Asian studies in college and worked various jobs at the time. It is during this period that he met Ann Rule, who would later write a definitive biography on Ted (Rule, 2012). Ted’s social challenges became evident after relationship breakup where his partner claimed lack of ambition and immaturity as her reasons. Consequently, he was depressed and return to hi s hometown after dropping out of school. Which searching through public records, Ted discovered his parentage an aspect that had a profound effect in his life. His personality underwent a fundamental shift from a reserved and shy person to a more focussed, social and dominant one. It was during this period that he became a campaign manager for Nelson Rockefeller in his bid for the presidency. Moreover, Bundy enrolled as a psychology major in Washington and built a strong relationship with his professors and peers. Over the years, he also enrolled in the University of Utah in the school of law amid recommendation from his employer, Evan Davis and several professors. However, the newfound character was short-lived as he began skipping classes and keeping to himself. There is no consensus as to when Ted began his reign of terror as he refused to divulge information on his earliest crimes. This is besides confessing to later killings where he provided detailed specifics of the crimes. I n addition, different versions of the crime stories were told to different people indicating involvement in the murder of several people in the early 1970s. Nevertheless, it is agreeable that Ted’s first attempted murder was in 1974 after he bludgeoned his sleeping victim before sexually assaulting her. Despite surviving the attack, she suffered permanent brain damage and was not much of help in identifying the attacker (Greene and Heilbrun, 2011). The months that followed saw the disappearance of

Sustainable Business Development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Sustainable Business Development - Essay Example , burning of coal and extraction of oil require abundant energy sources as well it places very high demands on water resources adding up to a huge and costly impact towards the production process (Nehring 2009, 3074). Pollution results as a by-product of the process and is considered as a negative externality. The production of fossil fuels resulting in air and water pollution is through oil spills, dumping of the waste materials into water sources  and emission of toxic gases into the environment. The more fossil fuel is produced, the more environmental pollution results (Levitan et al. 2014, 122). The company’s producing the fuels may bear some of the associated costs of pollution, but not all  and the remaining costs are borne by the society. Air pollution is associated with the production of greenhouse gases that are associated with climate change resulting in the occurrence of floods, droughts and loss of coastal land. It is important to have property rights imposed by the government to control pollution emission. The government should also be involved in introducing regulation rules, taxation and legislation in an effort of pollution control. This entails passing legislation such as clean air act to address the situation (Aydin et al. 2011, 201). The community should also be involved in reporting pollution matters to the authority to prevent negative externalities of pollution. The cost of fossil fuel production is very high. This entails the cost of labor of mining coal and drilling the oil, the cost involved in building the energy generating plants, cost of transportation of the oil into plants for processing and the cost involved in the manufacturing of the final products. As a result, the fuel prices become expensive to the consumer. Fossil fuel is a non-renewable source of energy, and the reserves are finite (Mohr & Evans 2010, par 1). According to the rate of extraction that takes place it will not take too long before the supply is exhausted. As a

Activism, Protest and National Progress Essay Example for Free

Activism, Protest and National Progress Essay The people created the government to safeguard their individual interest and the interest of society. Democracy works upon the assumption that the power to rule belongs to the people. Public officials are mere representatives of the state. The state was created by the people and it should serve the people and not the interest of the few. However as Lord John Acton would put it â€Å"power tend to corrupt and absolute power corrupts absolutely.† When the state tyrannizes the people, that is the time for the people to take action through collective action. Dr. Martin Luther King said that â€Å"freedom is never voluntarily given by the oppressor; it must be demanded by the oppressed.† (1968). The world has witnessed perhaps the most successful collective action through nonviolent strategy of civil disobedience that a country can undertake and that is during EDSA Revolution of the Philippines (Abueva, 1999). They successfully overthrew a dictator for 21 years, Ferdinand Marcos, by giving flowers to the military men. They had tanks and weapons but the people outnumbered them by millions. It was a feat of the entire country, had it been just a few men it would have been easy for the dictator to disperse the group. We must establish the connection of the success of nonviolent strategies of civil disobedience to collective action. Civil disobedience without enough support from the masses will not win over the state that has all the machineries. Dr. Martin Luther King used the strategy of progressive groups which is to â€Å"inform, educate, organize and mobilize†. This strategy can also be used by progressive groups in pushing for their advocacies such as the issues on Iraq war, global warming, and even isolated local issues. First of all they have to gain the support of the masses and this is through the strategy we have mentioned above. First they have to inform the public that there is such an issue, then they have to educate them why there is an issue and what out to be done, then they can organize the public such that when civil disobedience occur they have a unified stand and they are adept with the issue that they carrying. Dr. Martin Luther King organized workshops training the public on taking in blows by police officers and not striking back. The last part is to mobilize. However it should be taken into account that a mass action should only be done when all means of dialogues and legal action has been done yet there is still no resolution to the issue. For when two parties have conflicting interest it is impossible for them to reach an understanding. In the case of Dr. Martin Luther King, they had engaged in dialogues and have agreed to a compromise yet they were betrayed. Collective action through civil disobedience is an effective tool in fighting against oppression since it magnifies the issue and draws attention to it. However it has to be reiterated that collective action is needed so that there is higher possibility of success in the endeavor. Much has changed in society since the time of Henry David Thoreau and Dr. Martin Luther King. Various medium is now available in disseminating information, thus, it is much easier to â€Å"inform, educate, organize and mobilize† the people. However the challenge here is to break the culture of apathy in our nation. Students would not mind if there are no healthy food in their canteen unless they are informed and they feel the need to eat healthy. Americans will not care about the Iraq war unless they are informed of its negative effects on the economy. Inform te public for them to feel the urgency for an collective, nonviolent civil disobedience. References Abueva, Jose V. (1999). Peoples’ Perception of People Power. October 17, 2008. Retrieved from http://www.seasite.niu.edu/Tagalog/Tagalog_Default_files/Philippine_Culture/remembering_the_1986_people_power_revolution.htm King, Martin Luther. (1968). Letter from Birmingham Jail. October 17, 2008. Retrieved from http://www.stanford.edu/group/King/frequentdocs/birmingham.pdf Thoreau, Henry David. (1849). Civil Disobedience. October 17, 2008. Retrieved from http://thoreau.eserver.org/civil3.html

Sucsessfull Students Essay Example for Free

Sucsessfull Students Essay Abstract This literature review includes the meaning of a successful students, it tells us the qualities of a blooming students, it tells how an average student can become a successful student, what qualities should an average students adopt to become a successful student, what type of difficulties an average student feel in their daily life in becoming a perfect student, how a successful student effects their environment. This work tells us that what people think about successful student and what is the actual meaning of it? It tells us that true successful student work hard to get knowledge but today students work hard to get money. Successful students 3 Successful students: Everyone likes to be a successful. Getting a scholarship, making money, to have a car, and a beautiful house or being popular are very common accomplishments for everyone. These accomplishments are only the immediate rewards. Long term success is a journey. There is no destination for that magic we all call success. Education is a magic it can open many doors that were deviously closed, so get the best education you can. And if you have decided to go with education than do work hard as more as you can. In this research paper you will become familiar with the various learning strategies and be shown how some of these techniques can be applied to educational success. Researcher will provide you simple effective and dynamic tools to use every day as you must do to succeed. Whether techniques or golden rules are really important for us? To answer this question researcher tells a story. Once there was a ship it was out of order, many engineers were trying to start the ship but they were unable to start it they do many techniques but all in vain, then there came a person he started examine all over the ship about 2 times, than he put a spanner and start tighten a small nut and he said please start the ship and ship started working. After one week he received a cheque of $ 20,000 he was really shocked to see that he received $ 20,000 for just tightening a small nut and then he found a statement written on back side of the cheque â€Å" $ 2 for tightening the nut and $ 19,998 for finding which nut†. From this story it can be learnt why techniques are so important? And the techniques which researcher is pointing out are important and every student should follow it. 1. Manage time and set priority 2. Responsibilities 3: Effective study Successful student 4 Time management and set priority John (1998) states that about time management â€Å"Make time your friend not your enemy. † (lin. 23). Time management is very important skill for student. It enables to identify your priorities and using these priorities to manage time. Successful student must not create impossible situations for themselves. Prepare a suitable timetable list of the courses, work, study time, recreations, meals, TV, relaxation, your friends’ activities and follow this timetable strictly. Most of the students make a timetable but do not follow it. Avoid distractions and lack of focus. Time is precious. Yet many might waste time by getting stuck in one or more stupid habits. Responsibilities Everyone knows that reading, writing, listening and speaking are basic to education without this education is nothing. But what about responsibilities? How would you like to work for an in irresponsible boss, or be known as an irresponsible parent, or take a class from an irresponsible teacher? It does not sound very good. However we don’t care our responsibilities. According to researcher the most important point is responsibility because without this we can’t do anything. Iif you are responsible you will do your assignment in time if you are responsible you will punctual if you are responsible and will do every work in time and better others that’s why this habit teaches very much things. Donna (1923) states that â€Å"the path of success lies on the road of responsibility† (p. 4). Successful student 5 Affective studying Affective studying has some requirements like creating favorable conditions, generate positive attitude, and develop good techniques. Create a schedule. Plan to study specific times each week. Breakup times as much as possible. Use a location where you can concentrate. Avoided or remove distractions. Made the subject meaningful to use in some way, if you are funded difficulty than consult someone. And always try to avoid from lack of consideration. Lack of concentration is like a lack of fuel. Without consideration the mind has little power. And it will harm you much Successful student a word of honor for every student in this world. Whenever we hear this word and image of a student comes in our mind. Who always stood 1st in his class, takes full marks and is a role model for all students. Is that is enough for a successful student? No, absolutely no, a successful student is not only good in their studies, he is a good son, a good brother, a good friend and also a good neighbor. Almost every kind of goodness present in them. Also he is a true Muslim. Researcher says that now these days we cannot find such students whose aim of life is to gain knowledge, who study to increase their knowledge, who study for the welfare of humanity . But we can find number of students who study only for their own benefits like to get good jobs and to earn money. According to a research there are 87% People study for their own benefits. If we want to become a successful student we have to follow some steps. Successful student 6 References Colna,R. D (1985). where is your success? Thopwr Review, 6,1997–1999. Roconar, G. Wine, Q, kreber, E. J. (1966). Starvation university of madin? , 1996, 1994–1996. A. Grandued, G. C. (1996). New methods . Hunter in jungle , 57, 1985. Jeff Haden (Nov 7, 2012) 8 Things Remarkably Successful People Do. 2009-2012 Heidi Grant Halvorson (Dec 13, 2012) Nine Ways Successful People Defeat Stress. 2011-2012 Kevin PurdyWhat (jan 22, 2009) Successful People Do With The First Hour Of Their Work Day. 2008-2009.

Age of Discovery Events Before the Industrial Revolution

Age of Discovery Events Before the Industrial Revolution Age of discovery-events leading up to the Industrial Revolution, commenting on the following: currency, colonialism, recession, globilism, financial market, management theories and approaches, relationship between the past and present, economy, technology, revolution and people that contributed to the revolution. This paper presents an overview of the factors within the so-called ‘Age of Discovery’ which engendered the industrial revolution in Britain. Although the industrial ‘revolution’ itself is usually periodised in the period 1750-1850, this is by no means a universally agreed principle. Some authorities, such as Berg, propose that what she terms the age of ‘manufactures’ in fact ranged from 1700-1820. (1) As Berg herself explains, ‘†¦industrial growth took place over the whole of the eighteenth century, not just the last quarter of it. There was a substantial growth in the whole range of traditional industries as well as the most obviously exciting cases of cotton and iron.’ (2) If this position is accepted, the age of discovery was contemporaneous with the industrial revolution. Whatever its precise chronological context, it is argued here that the provenance of the industrialization in Britain lays in a diffuse range of developm ents, many of which are far outside the timeframe of industrialization itself. The ideological framework was shaped during the Reformation and early modern period, which also saw the necessary financial and commercial developments take place. This in turn led to colonial expansion, technological growth, and was re-negotiated after foreign revolutions and cyclical recessions, all of which helped drive Britain’s impetus towards industrial expansion and self-sufficiency. The ideological and economic framework was arguably created by successive developments in sociology and financial infrastructure: the so called ‘elective’ or protestant affinity with the idea of capitalism, and the financial ‘revolution’ which followed on the Glorious Revolution of 1688. The supposed pre-disposition of early modern English society towards particular forms of commercial development was proposed by figures such as R.H.Tawney and Max Weber as an ‘elective affinity’ between the protestant ‘asceticism’ and the spirit of capitalism. (3). Although this remains little more than a much-discussed theory, the economic individualism which became institutionalized in Britain during the late seventeenth century is much more tangible. It is also, arguably, profoundly constructive of the industrial revolution. The foundation of the Bank of England, the East India Company, and the proliferation of other large joint-stock ventures su ch as the South Sea Company, gave Britain both the incentive and the financial power to push out into expanding markets, looking for new commodities and raw materials. As Carruthers explains, ‘Improvements in the system of public borrowing were important in explaining the growing financial strength of the English state†¦dramatic enough to be called a â€Å"Financial Revolution.† England was able to borrow more money†¦at lower rates of interest. The borrowing was mostly from domestic sources†¦thanks to the development of trade and commerce, there was in England a growing pool of available capital.’ (4) The setting up of a large sinking fund was partly justified on the grounds of the continuing need to fund military conflict with European and imperial rivals: ‘†¦improvements in revenues allowed for increased borrowing, and together they underwrote higher expenditures and a successful war effort.’ (5) Unfortunately, the British reali zed that even victorious campaigns were ruinously expensive, as Colley relates: ‘†¦the Seven Years War was the most dramatically successful war the British ever fought. They conquered Canada†¦they assumed for themselves the reputation of being the most aggressive, the most affluent, and the most swiftly expanding power in the world†¦yet the euphoria soon soured†¦there was the hard, unpleasant fact of the National Debt which led inexorably to the rise in taxation.’ (6) However, fiscal control by the British government was itself to be a factor in industrialisation. Britain’s overseas military successes factored in the related developments of colonialism and slavery: both had prominent roles in the capital formation which financed the industrial revolution. Simply put, capital generated in the colonies had been steadily accumulating in Britain since the late seventeenth century, and much of it went into joint-stock companies, investment houses, or often directly into the enterprise and fixed capital itself. Much of it also went back overseas: however, when it did so, it often did so to finance orders for British-manufactured goods which further fanned domestic industrialization. The ‘triangular trade’ in British manufacturing output, African slaves, and West Indian produce ultimately concluded in the accretion of private capital reserves back in the UK, all seeking dividends through land or other investment. As Williams points out, ‘†¦the industrial expansion required finance. What man in the first three-quarters o f the eighteenth century was better able to afford the ready capital than a West Indian sugar planter or a Liverpool slave trader?’ (7) Many of the best known names of Britain’s industrial and commercial scene were the net beneficiaries of capital generated overseas, from either colonial or plantation sources. As Williams again indicates, ‘†¦It was the capital accumulated from the West Indian trade that financed James Watt and the steam engine.’ Engineering luminaries such as Boulton and Watt received advances from established plantation interests, as did the architects of the Great Western Railway: one of the leading banking families to transfer capital from their slave owning activities directly into financial services were the Barclays, precursors to the modern day Barclays bank. (8.) The American War of Independence, the eventual abolition of British slavery, and increased competition form South America eventually meant that these forms of revenue fell into decline. However, as Bayly reports, they were soon replaced, not only by new forms of income from other territories, but by massive n ew markets for raw materials and Britain’s industrial output: ‘†¦by 1815 the nation could celebrate an astonishing, indeed providential, recovery of fortunes.’ (9) It has to be recognised however that the capital accumulating in Britain’s investment houses and stock market did not find its way into a managerially static or vernacular economic arena. The eighteenth century also saw the emergence of a range of management theories and theories of the firm, which were implicit in the rationalization of the commercial and manufacturing enterprise. As Williams puts it, ‘†¦laissez-faire became a practice in the new industry long before it penetrated the text books as orthodox economic theory.’ (10) Adam Smith, Thomas Malthus , Robert Torrens and others fashioned the discipline of economics from the remnants of the former ideas of political arithmetic, producing a technical and predictive framework which combined with new technology to give the UK a new form of economic staple. Classical economics has continued to be re-worked and refined ever since. As Cohen and Cyert point out, ‘For the purposes of the classical theory, the profit maximization assumption may be perfectly adequate. It is clear however, that as one asks a different set of questionsthe profit maximization assumption is neither necessary nor sufficient’ (11) It nevertheless continues to pervade contemporary economic thought. New ideas about the economy were not the only intellectual developments creating change in the age of discovery and industrialisation: they were accompanied by new political ideas with profound implications for British expansion. In Marxist parlance, England’s own ‘bourgeois revolution’ – the middle classes wresting power from monarchical or aristocratic control – had already passed in the form of the English Civil War. In the eighteenth century the American and French Revolutions helped determine the character of British growth by shaping domestic political institutions and providing a further impetus for overseas expansion. There was a sense in which the social, economic and political processes bound up with industrialisation had to break down the protocols associated with monarchical and aristocratic control before the transformation could really be achieved. Capitalism had to supplant mercantilism, tariffs and protectionism had to be removed, mar kets had to be open to competition, and the vested interests who opposed it had to be pushed aside. As Williams expresses it, Adam Smith’s economic tour de force in the Wealth of Nations was ‘ †¦the philosophical antecedent of the American Revolution. Both were twin products of the same cause, the brake applied by the mercantile system on the development of the productive power of England and her colonies.’ Consequently, he adds, ‘Adam Smith’s role was to berate intellectually â€Å"the mean and malignant expedients† of a system which the armies of George Washington dealt a mortal wound on the battlefields of America.’ (12) After the loss of the American colonies, the British government seized upon the idea that, in future, administration needed to be more focused on the needs of the market a the necessary accompaniment to industrial expansion. British goods needed markets, and British government needed expertise to obtain and reta in those markets. As Bayly observes, ‘The disasters of the American Civil War had produced an interlocking network of parliamentary committees with their own experts; so administrations also had to know more and be better prepared.’ (13) Britain’s industrial progress was, however, not uniform or linear in nature. As Bayly reports, ‘†¦deepened by cyclical depressions operating in a more integrated world economy and by the continuing splutter of local wars which often marked the advance of settler capitalism into indigenous societies.’ (14) Britain’s technological and managerial expertise could not insulate it from seemingly inevitable financial crises and recession which, as Hilton reports, plagued it throughout its period of supposed industrial might. ‘There had been monetary and commercial disorders in the eighteenth century†¦1788, 1793, 1797†¦but nothing to compare with the crises of 1825-6, 1837-9, 1847-8, 1857, and 1866.’ Perhaps more important than the empirical details of these crises was their impact upon economic and social thinking, and in particular the way in which blame was apportioned for such disasters. A Hilton again explains, ‘†¦contemp orary analysis concentrated on two†¦types of explanation†¦.monetary mismanagement by government or Bank of England, and human avarice and greed.’ (15) The deep and pernicious nature of these crises eventually prompted the creation of the economic governance which still prevails today. In the 1770’s, the Bank of England note replaced the private bank notes which had circulated previously. (16). However, a more unified financial system meant that financial crises were themselves more pervasive and all-embracing. Limited liability legislation, as well as regulation of monopolies, mergers, and competition, helped protect individuals from the worst effects of economic downturns. What the industrial revolution and associated market creation implied for the UK business community was a increasingly close relationship with a globalizing economy. The enormous wealth created by this – for some individuals – meant that the economy was now vulnerable to uphe avals far beyond the control of the London stock market or government. This, arguably, encapsulates the single clearest link between the society which shaped the industrial revolution and contemporary social conditions: i.e., the individuals whose contributions are most important to industrialization were those with the least stake in its benefits. Academic debates as to whether or not a genuine ‘class consciousness’ was engendered by the industrial revolution are, ultimately, inconclusive. Few can realistically deny, however, that industrialisation demanded a massive influx of skilled, semi-skilled, but overwhelmingly unskilled labour, whom technological production could deprive of a skilled wage. As Gray points out, ‘Industrial change was associated with crises of gender and class relations, and struggles over factory regulation can be seen in the context of a gendered class consciousness.’ (17). In other words, both men and women realized that their livelihoods and earning power in an industrial context depended upon whether or not their work was defined as skilled. De-skilling was, it may be argued, the necessary precursor to the enormous industrial profits generated in the factory system: significant surplus value, the disparity between the amount spent to produce an item, and the amount it sold for – could only be maintained at a realistic level if costs were low and margins were wide. It was therefore no accident that unskilled female and child labour were highly significant in populating the new factory system which remains the emblematic representation of the industrial revolution in Britain. The same processes of de-skilling, and an essentially exploitative relationship, arguably feature in the new globalization taking place in the contemporary economy. It is interesting to speculate on whether these common relations of production, the taproot of collectivized and organized labour movements, will produce a new variant on the trade unionism thrown up by the domestic British industrial revo lution. The same may be asked of official intervention in the manufacturing process. As Gray points out, ‘Attempts to regulate factory employment can be traced back, almost to the beginnings of factory production itself. The restructuring of labour markets and employment relations during†¦.indutrialisation was accompanied by a series of overlapping debates about protective labour laws, the poor laws and statutory or customary controls over wages, prices, and commercial practice.’ (18) This historical process is arguably on-going, as successive waves of de-skilled labour are moved around the globalizing economy to meet fluctuating demand, often in uncontrolled conditions. The practices of child and female labour may have stopped in the domestic economy, but they have by no means been eliminated from the global arena. This is notwithstanding the appearance of ‘Third Way’ economics, and the supposed elimination of class difference. Footnotes 1.) Berg, M., (1994), The Age of Manufactures, 1700-1820, Routledge, London, p.2. 2.) Ibid., p.281. 3.) Robertson, H.M., (1933), Aspects of the Rise of Economic Liberalism: A Criticism of Max Weber and His School, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p.208. 4.) Carruthers, B.G., (1996), City of Capital: Politics and Markets in the English Financial Revolution, Princeton University Press, NJ, p.71. 5.) Ibid., p.69. 6.) Colley, L., (1992), Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707-1837, Pimlico, London.  p.101 7.) Williams, E., (1964), Capitalism and Slavery, Andre Deutsch, London. p.98. 8.) Ibid., pp.101-105. 9.) Bayly, C.A., (1989), Imperial Meridian: The British Empire and the World, 1780-1830, Longman, London, p.3. 10.) Williams, op.cit., p.106. 11.) Cohen, K.J., and Cyert, R.M., (1965), Theory of the Firm: Resource Allocation in a Market Economy , Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 12.) Williams, op.cit., p.107. 13.) Bayly, op.cit., p.161. 14. ) Bayly, C.A., (1989), Imperial Meridian: The British Empire and the World, 1780-1830, Longman, London, p.238. 15.) Hilton, B., (1988), The Age of Atonement: the influence of Evangelicalism on Social and Economic Thought, 1783-1865, Clarendon Press, Oxford, p.125. 16.) Bayly, op.cit., p.116. 17.) Gray, R.Q., (1996), The Factory Question and Industrial England, 1830-1860, Cambridge University Press, Canbridge, p.24. 18.) ibid., p.21. Bibliography Bayly, C.A., (1989), Imperial Meridian: The British Empire and the World, 1780-1830, Longman, London. Berg, M., (1994), The Age of Manufactures, 1700-1820, Routledge, London. Carruthers, B.G., (1996), City of Capital: Politics and Markets in the English Financial Revolution, Princeton University Press, NJ. Cohen, K.J., and Cyert, R.M., (1965), Theory of the Firm: Resource Allocation in a Market Economy , Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. Colley, L., (1992), Britons: Forging the Nation, 1707-1837, Pimlico, London. Gray, R.Q., (1996), The Factory Question and Industrial England, 1830-1860, Cambridge University Press, Canbridge. Hilton, B., (1988), The Age of Atonement: the influence of Evangelicalism on Social and Economic Thought, 1783-1865, Clarendon Press, Oxford. Jennings, H., (1985), Pandemonium: the Coming of the Machine as Seen by Contemporary Observers, Picador, London. Robertson, H.M., (1933), Aspects of the Rise of Economic Liberalism: A Criticism of Max Weber and His School, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. Williams, E., (1964), Capitalism and Slavery, Andre Deutsch, London.